Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal
Volume 26, Issue 1 , Pages 51-58 , 2008

Orthostatic Hypotension for People with Spinal Cord Injuries

  • Clare Y.L. Chao, MSc

      Affiliations

    • Physiotherapy Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
    • Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
    • ,
  • Gladys L.Y. Cheing, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests and correspondence to: Dr Gladys Cheing, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China

Received 16 September 2008 ,Accepted 20 December 2008.

References 

  1. Figoni SF . Cardiovascular and haemodynamic responses to tilting and to standing in tetraplegic patients: a review . Paraplegia . 1984;22:99–109
  2. Teasell RW , Arnold JM , Krassioukov A , et al.   Cardiovascular consequences of loss of supraspinal control of the sympathetic nervous system after spinal cord injury . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2000;81:506–516
  3. Gonzalez F , Chang JY , Banovac K , et al.   Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in patients with orthostatic hypotension after spinal cord injury . Paraplegia . 1991;29:1–7
  4. Illman A , Stiller K , Williams M . The prevalence of orthostatic hypotension during physiotherapy treatment in patients with an acute spinal cord injury . Spinal Cord . 2000;38:741–747
  5. American Autonomic Society and American Academy of Neurology  . Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy . Neurology . 1996;46:1470
  6. Cariga P , Ahmed S , Mathias CJ , et al.   The prevalence and association of neck (coat-hanger) pain and orthostatic (postural) hypotension in human spinal cord injury . Spinal Cord . 2002;40:77–82
  7. Hermosillo AG , Marquez MF , Jauregui-Renaud K , et al.   Orthostatic hypotension, 2001 . Cardiol Rev . 2001;9:339–347
  8. Sidorov EV , Townson AF , Dvorak MF , et al.   Orthostatic hypotension in the first month following acute spinal cord injury . Spinal Cord . 2008;46:65–69
  9. Mathias CJ , Christensen NJ , Corbett JL , et al.   Plasma catecholamines, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone in tetraplegic man, horizontal and tilted . Clin Sci Mol Med . 1975;49:291–299
  10. Jordan J . New trends in the treatment of orthostatic hypotension . Curr Hypertens Rep . 2001;3:216–226
  11. Bondar RL , Dunphy PT , Moradshahi P , et al.   Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular responses to graded tilt in patients with autonomic failure . Stroke . 1997;28:1677–1685
  12. van Beekvelt MCP , van Asten WNJC , Hopman MTE . The effect of electrical stimulation on leg muscle pump activity in spinal cord-injured and able-bodied individuals . Eur J Appl Physiol . 2000;82:510–516
  13. Jacob G , Ertl AC , Shannon JR , et al.   Effect of standing on neurohumoral responses and plasma volume in healthy subjects . J Appl Physiol . 1998;84:914–921
  14. Kochar MS . Management of postural hypotension . Curr Hypertens Rep . 2000;2:457–462
  15. Raymond J , Davis GM , Bryant G , et al.   Cardiovascular responses to an orthostatic challenge and electrical-stimulationinduced leg muscle contractions in individuals with paraplegia . Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol . 1999;80:205–212
  16. Hainsworth R . Exercise training in orthostatic intolerance . QJM . 1998;91:715–717
  17. Sato T , Kawada T , Shishido T , et al.   Novel therapeutic strategy against central baroreflex failure: a bionic baroreflex system . Circulation . 1999;100:299–304
  18. Blackmer J . Orthostatic hypotension in spinal cord injured patients . J Spinal Cord Med . 1997;20:212–217
  19. Houtman S , Colier WN , Oeseburg B , et al.   Systemic circulation and cerebral oxygenation during head-up tilt in spinal cord injured individuals . Spinal Cord . 2000;38:158–163
  20. Houtman S , Oeseburg B , Hughson R , et al.   Sympathetic nervous system activity and cardiovascular homeostasis during head-up tilt in patients with spinal cord injuries . Clin Auton Res . 2000;10:207–212
  21. Rowell LB . Passive effects of gravity . In:  Rowell LB editors. Human Cardiovascular Control . New York: Oxford University Press; 1993;p. 3–36
  22. Lopes P , Figoni S . Current literature on orthostatic hypotension and training in SCI patients . Am Correct Ther J . 1982;36:56–59
  23. Faghri PD , Votto JJ , Hovorka CF . Venous hemodynamics of the lower extremities in response to electrical stimulation . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1998;79:842–848
  24. Kreulen DL . Properties of the venous and arterial innervation in the mesentery . J Smooth Muscle Res . 2003;39:269–279
  25. Faghri PD , Yount JP , Pesce WJ , et al.   Circulatory hypokinesis and functional electric stimulation during standing in persons with spinal cord injury . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2001;82:1587–1595
  26. Sampson EE , Burnham RS , Andrews BJ . Functional electrical stimulation effect on orthostatic hypotension after spinal cord injury . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2000;81:139–143
  27. Bunten DC , Warner AL , Brunnemann SR , et al.   Heart rate variability is altered following spinal cord injury . Clin Auton Res . 1998;8:329–334
  28. Guzzetti S , Cogliati C , Broggi C , et al.   Influences of neural mechanisms on heart period and arterial pressure variabilities in quadriplegic patients . Am J Physiol . 1994;266:H1112–H1120
  29. Claydon VE , Krassioukov AV . Orthostatic hypotension and autonomic pathways after spinal cord injury . J Neurotrauma . 2006;23:1713–1725
  30. Bravo G , Guizar-Sahagun G , Ibarra A , et al.   Cardiovascular alterations after spinal cord injury: an overview . Curr Med Chem Cardiovasc Hematol Agents . 2004;2:133–148
  31. Gondim FA , Lopes AC , Oliveira GR , et al . Cardiovascular control after spinal cord injury . Curr Vasc Pharmacol . 2004;2:71–79
  32. Krum H , Louis WJ , Brown DJ , et al.   Pressor dose responses and baroreflex sensitivity in quadriplegic spinal cord injury patients . J Hypertens . 1992;10:245–250
  33. Mathias CJ , Frankel HL , Christensen NJ , et al.   Enhanced pressor response to noradrenaline in patients with cervical spinal cord transection . Brain . 1976;99:757–770
  34. Arnold JM , Feng QP , Delaney GA , et al.   Autonomic dysreflexia in tetraplegic patients: evidence for alpha-adrenoceptor hyper-responsiveness . Clin Auton Res . 1995;5:267–270
  35. Brown CM , Dutsch M , Hecht MJ , et al.   Assessment of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular responses to lower body negative pressure as a test of cerebral autoregulation . J Neurol Sci . 2003;208:71–78
  36. Levine BD , Giller CA , Lane LD , et al.   Cerebral versus systemic hemodynamics during graded orthostatic stress in humans . Circulation . 1994;90:298–306
  37. Houtman S , Serrador JM , Colier WN , et al.   Changes in cerebral oxygenation and blood flow during LBNP in spinal cordinjured individuals . J Appl Physiol . 2001;91:2199–2204
  38. Nanda RN , Wyper DJ , Harper AM , et al.   Cerebral blood flow in paraplegia . Paraplegia . 1974;12:212–218
  39. Guttmann L , Munro AF , Robinson R , et al.   Effect of tilting on the cardiovascular responses and plasma catecholamine levels in spinal man . Paraplegia . 1963;1:4–18
  40. Schmid A , Huonker M , Stahl F , et al.   Free plasma catecholamines in spinal cord injured persons with different injury levels at rest and during exercise . J Auton Nerv Syst . 1998;68:96–100
  41. Johnson RH , Park DM , Frankel HL . Orthostatic hypotension and the renin-angiotensin system in paraplegia . Paraplegia . 1971;9:146–152
  42. Johnson RH , Park DM . Effect of change of posture on blood pressure and plasma renin concentration in men with spinal transections . Clin Sci . 1973;44:539–546
  43. Mathias CJ , Christensen NJ , Frankel HL , et al.   Renin release during head-up tilt occurs independently of sympathetic nervous activity in tetraplegic man . Clin Sci (Lond) . 1980;59:251–256
  44. Mathias CJ , Frankel HL . Cardiovascular control in spinal man . Annu Rev Physiol . 1988;50:577–592
  45. Kooner JS , Frankel HL , Mirando N , et al.   Haemodynamic, hormonal and urinary responses to postural change in tetraplegic and paraplegic man . Paraplegia . 1988;26:233–237
  46. Hopman MT , Nommensen E , van Asten WN , et al.   Properties of the venous vascular system in the lower extremities of individuals with paraplegia . Paraplegia . 1994;32:810–816
  47. Mathias CJ , Kimber JR . Treatment of postural hypotension . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1998;65:285–289
  48. Mathias CJ , Kimber JR . Postural hypotension: causes, clinical features, investigation, and management . Annu Rev Med . 1999;50:317–336
  49. Mukand J , Karlin L , Barrs K , et al.   Midodrine for the management of orthostatic hypotension in patients with spinal cord injury: a case report . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2001;82:694–696
  50. Bouvette CM , McPhee BR , Opfer-Gehrking TL , et al.   Role of physical countermaneuvers in the management of orthostatic hypotension: efficacy and biofeedback augmentation . Mayo Clin Proc . 1996;71:847–853
  51. Denq JC , Opfer-Gehrking TL , Giuliani M , et al.   Efficacy of compression of different capacitance beds in the amelioration of orthostatic hypotension . Clin Auton Res . 1997;7:321–326
  52. Raymond J , Davis G , Clarke J , et al.   Cardiovascular responses during arm exercise and orthostatic challenge in individuals with paraplegia . Eur J Appl Physiol . 2001;85:89–95
  53. Wecht JM , de Meersman RE , Weir JP , et al.   Effects of autonomic disruption and inactivity on venous vascular function . Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol . 2000;278:H515–H520
  54. Eng JJ , Levins SM , Townson AF , et al.   Use of prolonged standing for individuals with spinal cord injuries . Phys Ther . 2001;81:1392–1399
  55. Walter JS , Sola PG , Sacks J , et al.   Indications for a home standing program for individuals with spinal cord injury . J Spinal Cord Med . 1999;22:152–158
  56. Davis GM, Servedio FJ, Glaser RM, et al. Hemodynamic responses during electrically-induced leg exercise and arm crank ergometry in lower-limb disabled males. In: Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference on Rehabilitation Technology. Bethesda, MD: RESNA, 1987;7:591–3.
  57. Davis GM, Figoni SF, Glaser RM, et al. Cardiovascular responses to FNS-induced isometric leg exercise during orthostatic stress in paraplegics. In: International Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Rehabilitation Technology. Bethesda, MD: RESNA, 1988;3:326–8.
  58. Figoni SF , Glaser RM , Rodgers MM , et al.   Acute hemodynamic responses of spinal cord injured individuals to functional neuromuscular stimulation-induced knee extension exercise . J Rehabil Res Dev . 1991;28:9–18
  59. Glaser RM . Central hemodynamic responses to lower-limb FNS . In: Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference of the IEEE/Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, November 1987, Boston . Hanover, MA: IEEE Press; 1987;p. 308–313
  60. Elokda AS , Nielsen DH , Shields RK . Effect of functional neuromuscular stimulation on postural related orthostatic stress in individuals with acute spinal cord injury . J Rehabil Res Dev . 2000;37:535–542
  61. Chao CY , Cheing GL . The effects of lower-extremity functional electric stimulation on the orthostatic responses of people with tetraplegia . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2005;86:1427–1433
  62. Gillis DJ , Wouda M , Hjeltnes N . Non-pharmacological management of orthostatic hypotension after spinal cord injury: a critical review of the literature . Spinal Cord . 2008;46:652–659

PII: S1013-7025(09)70008-9

doi: 10.1016/S1013-7025(09)70008-9

Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal
Volume 26, Issue 1 , Pages 51-58 , 2008

Article Tools